Tatars and Science

🧪 Science in Volga Bulgaria

The seeds of scientific development were evident in the Turkic states; however, a significant shift in scientific progress was observed in Muslim Volga Bulgaria, where scholars embraced a range of sciences, particularly mathematics, and metrology, which were reflected in the architecture and standard units of measurement used in their society. Based on the metrics used by the Bulgars, their architectural construction was harmonized through a system of measurements reflecting anthropometric relationships and geometric congruence, particularly in their buildings.

Bulgar astronomers, drawing from Central Asian astronomical practices, used instruments like the astrolabe and quadrant to observe celestial bodies, creating precise time determinations through these astronomical observations.

The geographical knowledge of the Volga Bulgars was enriched through extensive trade, cultural exchanges, and interactions with various peoples, notably shaping their understanding of regions, trade routes, and distant lands, specifically regarding the northern territories and the Northern Icy Ocean, as well as the portrayal of mystical beings within these far-off regions, supported by Islamic geographic theories of climates. 

The Bulgars demonstrated advanced metallurgical and chemical knowledge, producing high-quality steel through iron smelting, utilizing nickel-containing ores, creating various metal alloys, and manufacturing mercury-based tools and liquid-containing vessels, showing their adeptness in alchemy and glassware production.

Professional historical knowledge played a pivotal role in unifying Turkic states, evolving from the Uyghur, Khazar Khaganate, and Volga Bulgaria. This knowledge impacted social ideologies and beliefs, as evident from texts like the "Bulgar Book of Rulers" tracing lineages to Attila. According to historical books within the Muslim world, the Bulgars possessed advanced scientific knowledge and traditions.

During the Golden Horde period, the cultural and intellectual exchanges with the Islamic world continued to grow. This was a time of synthesis between Mongol, Turkic, and Islamic traditions. Kazan became an important center of learning, particularly in the fields of mathematics, linguistics, and medicine. The Golden Horde elite encouraged scholarly pursuits, but political instability eventually slowed scientific progress.

🧪 Science in the Kazan Khanate

Scientific knowledge thrived in the Kazan Khanate, evident in the manuscript "Compilation of Rules in the Science of Arithmetic" from 1542. Additionally, the study of literary works and gravestones offers a glimpse into the knowledge of measurements and reflects the cultural significance of metrology and mathematical knowledge during that time. 

Geographical knowledge in the Kazan Khanate reflected the influence of the Eastern Renaissance, particularly the prominence of the "theory of climates." The Bulgars and Tatars contributed to the understanding of their region, the "seventh climate," and its surroundings. Their geographical insights included information about various peoples and lands, extending to regions like Russia, the Urals, and Western Siberia, making a significant contribution to geography.

The Tatar people demonstrated a well-developed understanding of celestial bodies, constellations, and astronomical terminology, influencing cultural practices, fortune-telling, and folklore. Astronomical motifs were also present in literary works, showcasing widespread knowledge of the night sky among specialists and the general population. 

After the fall of Kazan, Tatar intellectuals faced suppression, but the 18th century saw a revival of Tatar education. In this period, the focus shifted to secular sciences such as linguistics, history, and geography. Notable Tatar scholars, such as Şihabetdin Mərcani, contributed significantly to historiography and philosophy.

🧪 Science in Tatarstan

In the 1920s, Tatarstan became a prominent scientific center in the Soviet Union, overcoming initial setbacks in research. Kazan University played a pivotal role in advancing mathematics, mechanics, and chemistry, with contributions to stability theory and organic compounds. Tectonic research in Tatarstan, discovered Lower Permian limestones, advancing geological knowledge. The physiological laboratory in Kazan demonstrated chemical factors' role in nervous interactions. Various institutes in Tatarstan, including the Clinical Institute and Agricultural and Forestry Institute, contributed to diverse fields like medicine and forestry. Research on gypsum and copper in Tatarstan addressed industrial production, supporting economic development. Hydrogeological observations enhanced our understanding of groundwater resources. 

Tatar scientists have played a vital role in advancing global scientific knowledge, often transcending regional or national boundaries. From the foundational contributions of mathematicians and mechanics like Xəmid Möştari to groundbreaking work in astrophysics by Rəşit Sönəyev, Tatar intellectuals have left an indelible mark on global science. Their achievements, influenced by their diverse cultural heritage and educational experiences, continue to inspire scientific exploration and innovation worldwide.

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The History of the Tatars since ancient times in seven volumes, 2017. V.2, V.4, V.5, V.6 and V.7